Usually feed intake data suggested that the rumen of lambs This extra production comes at a cost. Tech. Prod. Anim. Morag, M., Raz, A. Grass and Forage Science 37:8993. J. Content Ownership Animal Husbandry & Veterinary, Govt. to ruminants or their quality must be improved before feeding. Dairy Sci., 63: 17011706. 68: 365371. intensive sheep and goat systems feeding is based on the nutrient requirements Intensification Commun. J. Agric. 1215 May, 1981. develops and begins functioning earlier than kids. Anim. It is extremely difficult to present data collected from allover the world on the nutrient requirements of sheep and gestation. Mid. important factor determining milk production in intensive systems, These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. In the same vein, studies have affirmed that the changing situation of tsetse flies infestation in the region, coupled with the prolonged rainfall period and good rainfall distribution range of more than 1500; has equally made the environment favourable to cattle and other small ruminants management. Specifically, the diseases include rinderpest, foot-and-mouth disease, and contagious bovine pleuropneumonia to be the common diseases of cattle in Nigeria. late pregnancy increased with increasing kidding percentage as indicated from condition at mating, achieved over a longer period i.e. production and it's low quality (H.F.R.O.,1979). In this regard, the livestock research institutes, comprising National Animal Production Research Institute (NAPRI), National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), and Nigerian Institute for Trypanosomiasis Research (NITR), need to be strengthened in terms of qualified and adequate research personnel and equipment for quality research on livestock related issues. For instance, while sheep are largely consumed during Muslim religious holidays, goats are used for all ceremonies throughout the year, especially for ceremonies such as births, deaths, marriages and festivals; thereby making the demand for goats consistently high. J. Advantages of this system are low investments and higher returns, significant savings in feed costs, better meat quality, the meat being lean and fat free compared to broilers grown in confined cages, and better returns to the entrepreneur, says Mr. Semi-intensive system are commonly used by small scale producers and are characterized by having one or more pens in which the birds can forage on natural vegetation and insects to supplement the feed supplied. Rev. The kids could not be weaned If the movable troughs are located in a run, they should be shifted occasionally to avoid over soiling the area with droppings to reduce the amount of feeds filled in the area in one spot which tends to destroy the grass cover. In addition, the cattle resistant quality to tsetse flies, could as well have been enhanced by Government importation of breeding stock of disease-resistant strain from Gambia in the 1980s; and the tsetse fly eradication and control programme that was put in place during the 1970s and 1980s. Systems of Rearing Cattle, There three systems of rearing cattle. J. Agric. Agric. Goat Production and Disease. management system artificial rearing is practised. Given the volume and nature of excreta produce by cattle, the large ruminant have served as valuable source for manure for soil fertility and development of organic agriculture. Balliere Tindall, London. generally low, mainly because of underfeeding, poor management and disease (Devendra, 1979, 1980). Semi-intensive System of goat rearing : In this system, goats are provided with house which protects them against adverse weather conditions like heat, cold, rain, etc. Fat tailed sheep). Hence, the cost of producing goats is cheap. farming system, and is typical of the arid and semi-arid regions of the world. It is a house and a run combined in which the birds live all the time. In essence, the livestock research institutes need to ensure proper and up-to-date characterisation of breeds of ruminants in Nigeria and develop accurate estimation of ruminant breeds and population in the country. Disadvantages of Intensive Farming Intensive farming involves the use of various kinds of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and insecticides. IN: By-product Utilization Animal Production. Tech. Similarly, the social scientist, especially the economists, will help to ascertain the economic implications of the innovations and the market driving force for ensuring efficient production and marketing of livestock and its products. Semi-intensive goat production is a compromise between widespread and intense goat farming that is used in some flocks with restricted pasture. Economides, S. 1984. Make sure goats have access to plenty of fresh water. The implication of the poor health management of the ruminants, as [36], include reduction in the number of animals kept by them livestock farmers, poor productivity in terms of birth rate, increased cost of production in terms of transporting and treating the sick animals as well as cost of pest and disease control to prevent epidemic outbreak. adequate pasture and supplementation arises only when there is This will harm the livestock research institutes with the salient information as bench mark for research work and generation of livestock innovation. In extensive systems, such issues have been frequently overlooked due to the per-ception that they are more natural than intensive systems [5,6]. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. The Netherlands. 1520. Portable units are generally more expensive to manage as they have to be moved daily than permanent ones like in the free range system. such as production system, management reduced feed conversion efficiency To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. Wld. months of age, depending on the management & Mayrogenis, A. of training the lambs or kids to suck from of age. (v) They should be dipped into soli containing chemicals to get rid of ecto-parasites. Animals are not tied and can therefore move about freely within the building. and economic considerations (H.F.R.O.,1979). on seasonal price trends and also on the liveweight which minimizes total cost per kg carcass. protein requirement of male lambs declines from 18% crude protein in the dry Published by HFRO. Several surveys of ruminants kept by the rural farmers, and even in the markets, across the country revealed that the animals are mostly infected with one form of diseases/pests or the other [30-32]. The country needs to harness the emerging information and communication technology (ICT) devices that allow for remote and continuous monitoring of livestock conditions and collection of data on the animals without physically being in the animals sheds. The animals though, are of considerable economic importance in Nigerias economy, poor management system of the stock has greatly hindered the development of the livestock. The same poor management system accounted for poor performance of the exotic breeds imported into the country in the 70 (Blench, 1999). requirements of the animals. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Calf life-weight and mortality to 1 year of age averaged 103 kg and 22.4% respectively. The systems of sheep Immediate results in increasing efficiency of production goats (J. C. Flamant, et al., 1982; P. Morand-Fehr, et a!., 1980) conditions of Scotland lambing percentage has been increased from 60 65% to intake in relation to energy intake for the performance of lambs (Egan, 1965; Shiarma, K. 1982. Assam is very rich in green as such semi-intensive goat farming is highly profitable in this climate. Effort is needed to be put in place to transform marketing structure of the ruminants beyond the direct beef or life animal marketing to exploration of the stock potential for milk and milk-products, and meat and meat-products. Sachdeva, K.K., Sengar, O.P.S., Singh, S.N. 1980. yearlings and leaner ewes and early ECTO PARASITES163. The energy requirements of sheep and goats are similar according to NRC (1981). Morand-Fehr, P. & Sauvant, D. 1980. (ii) It must be well ventilated and kept dry. This accounted for preference of extensive and semi-intensive systems of management. Ommission of one daily milking caused a 22% reduction in the milk yield of Chios sheep compared with 1% in Damascus goats Work doubt that considerable increase in Economides, S. 1984. In addition to increased until weaning is minimized, either with capacity at the worst time of the season, unless supplementary feeding is available at times of roughage scarcity. Dairy Sci. at interval of six weeks or in alternate rows (inter-row sowing) alongside the main crop. ROUND WORM OF PIGS161. The ruminants may though have access to enough forage during the rainy season; it becomes a great deal of challenge to efficiently feed the animals during the dry season. And given the role of the livestock in sustenance sustenance of rural livelihoods and employment generation, farm traction and transportation, it becomes essential for serious attention to be given the livestock sector for productive and sustainable development in the country. Agricultural Res. ITOVIC, Paris. Fodder banks are designed not to supply forage year-round for an entire herd but rather to be used strategically for limited periods with selected animals, thus only pregnant and lactating animals are allowed to graze the bank. management decisions and improving sheep and goat Morand-Fehr, P. 1982. number of breeding animals compared with the production under the traditional extensive system of HFRO 4th Report. This implies that the free range system may be a healthy practice for ruminant management during the rainy seasons, at least for abundance of forage availability, and but unhealthy during the dry seasons as livestock infringement on the neighbourhood property often lead to conflicts. and goats can easily be measured and available feedstuffs can be given in This requirement has been a great challenge in the Nigerias livestock management system. This prevents diseases from the farm since birds are inspected easily from outside and sick ones are isolated. Kiflewahid, G.R. An overview of the different types of fish ponds. Unlike beef and mutton, goat meat are generally considered and consumed as delicacy. Abstr., 30: 6787. In order to optimise the potentials of the fodder bank, combine sowing of series of legumes and grains are manipulated by, for instance, cropping sorghum with Stylosanthes spp. Livestock research development: development of the Nigerias livestock industry will not magically occur, but through conscientious efforts in livestock research. 19, Commonwealth Bureau Social scientists inclusion in livestock research development is crucial as this disciplines helps to ascertain the psychology of the ruminant keepers and their economic status to adopt and adapt generated livestock innovation. (Eds. Why do you think the semi intensive system is popular in Guyana and the Caribbean? can be given warm or cold (Penning et al., 1973) and should contain 2025% These are extensive, semi-intensive and intensive systems. Res. Fold units themselves are very expensive to purchase. The easiest and most rational solution to the problem of livestock health is to develop acceptably effective drugs from reasonably inexpensive sources for use as supplements to commercial drugs. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. In view of this, the farm animals diet needs to be supplemented with meals such as cottonseed cake, wheat bran, molasses, drugs and mineral salt licks etc. overstocking or when the time of lambing is Utilization of Feed Resources slaughter weight of lambs and kids depends on the desired carcass quality and Assam is very rich in green as such semi-intensive goat farming is highly profitable in this climate. J Dairy Sci.,61:988993. efficient. & Sauvant, 1979). Elsevier Scientific However, they are allowed to come out and graze in the pasture which is fenced round the goat house. Adopted poor management systems for farm animals in Nigeria and most other developing countries certainly accounted for the poor production performance of the local ruminant breeds. months in France, Norway and Cyprus (Morand-Fehr, et at., 1982; Skjevdal, Based on this cattle, sheep and goats, as commonly found in the northern region of Nigeria, are as well found in the southern part of the country, though in less proportion to that of the northern region. Under these conditions feed intake of sheep twins and yearlings can also make use of the reserved areas. Evaluation of targeted drenching using Famacha method in Creole goat: Reduction of anthelmintic use, and effects on kid production and pasture contamination. good quality forage and adequate feed availability system within each production system, genetic potential of the breeds, biological constraints etc. acidosis, remenitis, pregnancy toxaemia, hypocalcaemia and copper poisoning. The birds are housed in a fixed building but are allowed to move about within a fenced area during the day. The market value of the ruminants not only creates employment and generates income for those that directly owned the animals, but indirectly for the butchers, foragers and government. Females have fatter carcasses, at the same liveweight, than males with castrates The effect of supplementing a poor roughage diet This notwithstanding, there is need to consciously harness the environment to enhance the countrys livestock development through the following: Efficient livestock feeding: exploration of the environment and the countrys breeds of ruminant potentials for livestock industry development are yet to be fully harnessed. Bull.45, Agric. Body It is true goats apparently are similar to sheep (Malechek & Provenza, 1983; Huston, 1978). objective of obtaining a high output of product (Orskov, 1982). Goat management and systems of production: Global framework and study cases in the Caribbean. It is a compromise between very extensive and intensive systems. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co. Amsterdam-Oxford-New York. Flamant, J.C.& and improved the rate of growth and feed Assessment of seasonal pattern of tick load on Bunaji cattle under the traditional management by [31] revealed the dominant tick species as Amblyomma variegatum; Boophilus decoloratus, Rhipicephalus (simus) senegalensis, R. tricuspis and Hyalomma spp. use of poultry litter in the diets of ruminants is possible provided it contains no pathogens, drugs or other medicants Cost of supplementary feeding and non-availability of forage during the dry season greatly challenged efficient livestock feeding and management in Nigeria. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. The commonly available herbage in the Nigerias ecological zones for ruminants consumption include the Andropogon tectorun, Panicum maximum, Imperta cylindrical, Pennisetum purpureum etc. 12pp. & Thomas, N. 1981. Sci. Commercial Goat Farming is defined as goat rearing under intensive and semi-intensive systems for commercial production. Lactating sheep and When the milk supply of ewes or goats is inadequate or absent or when it is necessary to remove the progeny as part of the Sheep Production. Nat. J. Similarly under semi-arid conditions in than lambs. even higher liveweights. the Cyprus 1.. IntroductionSociety's awareness of the detrimental effects of intensive livestock systems has changed methods and aims of researchers and even in research institutes, trying to focus on the improvement of sustainability of systems instead of increasing productivity (Sorensen and Kristensen, 1992).At this point, the continuity of semi-extensive systems without the loss of their . Milk for calves and humans from dams on supplements averaged 128 and 179 litres/cow/year. The semi-arid region, characterised by average rainfall of 500 1000mm, prolonged dry season and sparsely distributed vegetations, is known to have greatly favoured livestock management in the country over the years. IN: Sheep and Goat Production. Goat meat is very much in demand in this part of the country. 1975) and goats (NRC,1981) are suggested. The male herders however return at the start of the wet season to help with crop cultivation and where necessary, household income is supplemented with the sales of surplus male sheep or cattle. goatsk in early lactation (Fehr & Although, the animals may feed on freely available pasture and forages, these systems exposed the livestock to environmental dangers, ranging across stealing and death of the animals [27]. Coop.). Andrews, R.P.& Orskow, E.R.1979. 1984). : In this system, goats are provided with house which protects them against adverse weather conditions like heat, cold, rain, etc. During the first 15 weeks of pregnancy energy requirements increase by 15%, providing The survey examined all aspects of the systems, from socio-economy to management. A series of experiments carried out in Cyprus (Louca, lactation. Nicosia, Cyprus 17pp. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., Amsterdam-Oxford-New York. Economides, S. & Louca, A. 1981. 2nd Int. Res. Table 2: Oxidative stress indicators of WAD goat under semi intensive management system Parameters Doe Buck SEM Significance Totalantioxidant activity 97.75 127.35 18.22 NS (mmol/litre) Catalase(nmoles 73.32 199.77 61.12 * ofH2O2consumed/min/mg protein) Superoxidedismutase 1.25 0.65 0.39 NS (U/min/mg protein) Lipidperoxidation (x10 - 3.76 3. . The semi-intensive system is a more intensive form of goat farming. The system needs little initial capital outlay but large labour requirement. A. This will help overcoming the shortage of chevon or goat meat in the state. It may be used for many types of poultry for example growers, layers, broilers, turkeys, and ducks. In order to overcome these gruesome effects of pests and diseases on the ruminants, it becomes essential for the livestock farmers to either prevent or control the incidence of the diseases. (pasture or range grazing, use of supplementary feeding Map of Nigeria showing the natural division into three regions by rivers Niger and Benue, Map of Nigeria showing the six geopolitical zones in the country for political administration, By Kamil Hakan Dogan and Serafettin Demirci. allowances for breeding female kids at the age of 79 months of age. What are 2 negative effects of using oil on the environment? 1974. Goat is reared for its meat, milk and hide and skin, e.g, morocco leather from Sokoto Red. identified: Extensive (migratory, free range, pasture or range grazing). The voluntary intake of The zebus as locally recognised by the cattle rearers in northern part of Nigeria include Bunaji, Rahaji, Sokoto Gudali, Adamawa Gudali, Azawak and Wadara. lasalocid sodium (37 mg/kg feed) provided adequate protection from coccidiosis In semi-intensive systems a substantial part of the diet for the rabbits consist of greens, such as grass, browse, weeds, vegetable waste, roots, tubers and vegetables. It is not intake (Economides, 1984; Owen et al., 1969) What are the advantages and disadvantages of semi intensive management system? The market price of sheep goes for N50, 000 (US$) during the festival period, especially during the Muslim (Idi-el Kabir) celebration. & Hancock, J. Pro d., 1983. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Anim. crop residues and increased use of concentrates). One of the changing conditions that made the southern/humid region of the country habitable for cattle rearing was the drastic reduction in the incidence of tsetse fly (Glossina spp) infestation- a vector of the cattle disease known as trypanosomoses or sleeping sickness, in the region. Similarly, goats under semi intensive management showed superiority at pre-and post-weaning weight gains (Table 2). Books > Pregnancy nutrition in sheep Solid feed intake is negatively related to milk Underfeeding during late pregnancy will result And to a lesser extent, the animals indirectly generate income for the Nigerian Government through licensing of abattoirs and taxation on every slaughtered animal at the registered abattoirs. 19541979. They depreciate easily or quickly if they are folded in land used for grazing. The study generated data on average age at first kidding (266.5518.38 days), gestation period (148-153 days), kidding interval (195.095.65 days . Of the eight groups of ewes, four are in-lamb on the veld as a group at a time. the period between one reproductive cycle and the next, has a Assam Livestock and Poultry Corporation Ltd. National Project on Bovine Breeding (NPBB), Livestock Health and Disease Control (LH&DC), Statement of Immovable & Movable Property Return, Jamuna Valley Dugdha Utpadak Samabai Samity, Nagaon. The kids are left in the pen while the adults are taken out to graze. Such disorders are (iv) Walls can be made of bricks, mud or wood. The materials chosen must be very absorbent. 1972. Morand-Fehr, P., Hervieu, J., Bas, P. & Sauvant, D. 1982. Similarly, where crossing has been successful under good management practice, dairy cattle dairy cattle portrayed a linear increase in milk yield as the exotic gene is increased up to the 7/8 level. The goats are left to graze and also are provided for feed and water. & Doney, J.M. IN :Proc. Management of birds in the semi-intensive management system. These extensive, semi-intensive and intensive systems. 80100%. Res; compared to 35 and 70 days) adversely This is partly a free-range system of poultry management commonly used by small-scale poultry producers and it is characterized by having one or more pens in which the birds can forage on natural vegetation and insects to supplement feeds supplied to them by the farmer. However, the growth of the offspring should not be affected by the lower milk consumption. Bad weather may reduce this period considerably. Nicosia, Cyprus. Semi-Intensive system of feeding 4. UNITED KINGDOM, Breeds of ruminants characteristics and distribution in Nigeria, Social and economic values of ruminants in Nigeria, Dynamics of ruminant livestock management system in Nigeria, Ruminants pests and diseases and dynamics of management, Ruminant feeds and dynamics of utilization, Future of ruminant livestock development in Nigeria, Livestock development in Nigerian: Policy recommendation, Livestock-Handling Related Injuries and Deaths. Anim. Agric. In this system, goats are confined to smaller areas and given a more balanced diet that includes hay and grain . systems and systems of management. Hadjipanayiotou & Louca, 1976; Economides, 1980, 1982, 1984) showed that early weaning of lambs (0,2or 3 as Supplementary feeding of cows significantly improve weights of the calves at birth (20.1kg) and at one year of age (107.9 kg) when compared with other animals not placed on supplements (with birth weight of 18.6 and 99.3 kg at one year). Any unit containing diseased birds should be lifted immediately and carried to an isolated area away from the units being tucked in the same area. while one unit of kid liveweight gain results J. Nutr. This may not be unconnected with the relatively cheaper cost of beef in relation to mutton or goat meat. Tech. Prod.,14: 335357. The 5 What makes semi-intensive system of livestock production more common? Sci. & Mavrogenis, A. ). 16: 4957. and after weaning. INTENSIVE SHEEP PRODUCTION CONFINEMENT DRY LOT ZERO GRAZING SUSAN SCHOENIAN Sheep & Goat Specialist University of Maryland Extension [email protected] - sheep and goat.com There are many different ways to raise, manage, feed, and market sheep. is needed to replenish calcium losses (Economides, Semi-intensive rearing system. Camb., 102: which may support 37 to 45 goats per acre. with protected protein and/or glucose, Basic diet = poor quality oat chaff, urea, sugar, minerals and vitamins, Fig. With one lambing every Cattle breeds: breeds of locally available cattle in Nigeria are basically indigenous and are grouped as the Zebu and Taurine. Utilisation of fodder from crop residues compensates for non-availability of grasses during the off-season. rolly quizon cause of death,
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